Kuki moteri zihoraho zihuza magnet ziba moteri nyamukuru ziyobora?

Kuki moteri zihoraho zihuza magnet ziba moteri nyamukuru ziyobora?

Moteri y'amashanyarazi ishobora guhindura ingufu z'amashanyarazi mo ingufu za mekanike, no kohereza ingufu za mekanike mu mapine binyuze muri sisitemu yo gutwara imodoka. Ni imwe muri sisitemu z'ingenzi z'imodoka nshya zikoresha ingufu. Muri iki gihe, moteri zikoreshwa cyane mu modoka nshya zikoresha ingufu ni moteri zihoraho zikoresha ingufu za sumaku na moteri zikoresha ingufu za AC. Inyinshi mu modoka nshya zikoresha ingufu za sumaku zikoresha ingufu za sumaku. Ibigo byihariye by'imodoka birimo BYD, Li Auto, nibindi. Hari imodoka zimwe zikoresha moteri zikoresha ingufu za AC. Moteri zikoresha ingufu za sumaku zikoresha ingufu za sumaku nka Tesla na Mercedes-Benz.

Moteri idahuza igizwe ahanini na stator ihoraho na rotor izenguruka. Iyo stator winding ihujwe n'amashanyarazi ya AC, rotor izazenguruka igatanga ingufu. Ihame nyamukuru ni uko iyo stator winding ikoreshejwe ingufu (alternating current), izakora electromagnetic field izenguruka, kandi rotor winding ni conductor ifunze igabanya imirongo ya magnetic ya stator mu gahu ka magnetic ka stator. Dukurikije itegeko rya Faraday, iyo conductor ifunze ikata umurongo wa magnetic induction, hazakorwa umuriro, maze umuriro uzatanga electromagnetic field. Muri iki gihe, hari electromagnetic fields ebyiri: imwe ni stator electromagnetic field ihujwe n'amashanyarazi yo hanze alternating current, indi ikorwa no guca umurongo wa electromagnetic induction wa stator. Rotor electromagnetic field. Dukurikije itegeko rya Lenz, imyuka ikomoka kuri electromagnetic izahora irwanya impamvu y'imyuka ikomoka kuri electromagnetic, ni ukuvuga kugerageza kubuza conductors kuri rotor guca imirongo ya magnetic induction ya stator magnetic field izenguruka. Ibisubizo ni ibi: ibyuma biyobora amashanyarazi kuri rotor "bizahura" na stator. Umurima wa elegitoroniki uzenguruka bivuze ko rotor ikurikirana imbaraga rukuruzi zizenguruka za stator, amaherezo moteri igatangira kuzenguruka. Mu gihe cy'igikorwa, umuvuduko wo kuzenguruka wa rotor (n2) n'umuvuduko wo kuzenguruka wa stator (n1) ntibiba bihuye (itandukaniro ry'umuvuduko ni hafi 2-6%). Kubwibyo, yitwa moteri ya AC idahuza. Ahubwo, niba umuvuduko wo kuzenguruka ari umwe, yitwa moteri idahuza.

Moteri ihoraho ihuza magneti na moteri ya AC. Rotor yayo ikozwe mu cyuma gifite magneti zihoraho. Iyo moteri ikora, stator ihabwa ingufu kugira ngo ikore ingufu zizenguruka kugira ngo isunikire rotor kugira ngo izunguruke. "Kuhuza" bivuze ko kuzenguruka kwa rotor mu gihe cy'imikorere ihamye Umuvuduko uhuzwa n'umuvuduko wo kuzenguruka w'imbaraga zidasanzwe. Moteri zihoraho zihuza magneti na moteri zifite igipimo cyo hejuru cy'imbaraga hagati y'uburemere, ni ntoya mu bunini, zoroshye mu buremere, zifite torque nini yo gusohora, kandi zifite umuvuduko ntarengwa n'imikorere yo gufunga. Kubwibyo, moteri zihoraho zihuza magneti na moteri zabaye imodoka ikoreshwa cyane muri iki gihe muri moteri y'amashanyarazi. Ariko, iyo ibikoresho bya magneti bihoraho bihuye n'ihindagurika, ubushyuhe bwinshi n'umuvuduko mwinshi w'amashanyarazi, ubushobozi bwa magneti bushobora kugabanuka, cyangwa hakabaho demagnetization, bishobora kugabanya imikorere ya moteri ihoraho ihuza magneti na moteri. Byongeye kandi, moteri zisanzwe zihuza magneti na moteri zisanzwe zikoresha ibikoresho bya rare earth, kandi ikiguzi cyo gukora ntabwo gihamye.

Ugereranyije na moteri zihoraho zihuza amashanyarazi, moteri zihoraho zikenera kwinjiza ingufu z'amashanyarazi kugira ngo zikore neza iyo zikora, ibyo bikazatwara ingufu z'amashanyarazi kandi bikagabanya imikorere myiza ya moteri. Moteri zihoraho zihuza amashanyarazi zirahenze cyane bitewe no kongeramo amashanyarazi ahoraho.

Moderi zihitamo moteri zitagira AC zikunze guha agaciro imikorere kandi zigakoresha umusaruro n'ibyiza bya moteri zitagira AC ku muvuduko wo hejuru. Moderi ihagarariye ni Model S ya mbere. Ibiranga by'ingenzi: Iyo imodoka itwaye umuvuduko wo hejuru, ishobora gukomeza gukora neza no gukoresha neza ingufu z'amashanyarazi, ikagabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu mu gihe ikomeza gukoresha ingufu nyinshi;

Moderi zihitamo moteri zihoraho zikoresha ingufu zidasanzwe zikunze gushyira imbere ikoreshwa ry'ingufu no gukoresha umusaruro mwiza w'ingufu zihoraho zikoresha ingufu zidasanzwe ku muvuduko muto, bigatuma zikwiriye imodoka nto n'iziciriritse. Ibiranga ni ntoya, uburemere bworoheje, kandi zimara igihe kirekire batiri. Muri icyo gihe, ifite imikorere myiza yo kugenzura umuvuduko kandi ishobora kugumana imikorere myiza iyo ihuye no gutangira kenshi, guhagarara, kwihutisha no kugabanya umuvuduko.

Moteri zihoraho zihuza amashanyarazi n’ingufu ni zo ziganje. Dukurikije imibare yavuye mu kinyamakuru "New Energy Vehicle Industry Chain Monthly Database" cyashyizwe ahagaragara n’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi ku nganda (GGII), ubushobozi bwo gushyiramo moteri nshya zikoresha ingufu kuva muri Mutarama kugeza Kanama 2022 bwari miliyoni 3.478, ubwiyongere bw’umwaka ku mwaka bwa 101%. Muri zo, ubushobozi bwo gushyiraho moteri zihoraho zihuza amashanyarazi n’ingufu bwari miliyoni 3.329, ubwiyongere bw’umwaka ku kigero cya 106%; ubushobozi bwo gushyiraho moteri zihuza amashanyarazi n’ingufu ...

Moteri zihoraho zikoresha magnet synchronous zabaye moteri zitwara abagenzi ku isoko ry’imodoka zitwara abagenzi zikoresha amashanyarazi.

Ukurikije amahitamo ya moteri zo mu bwoko busanzwe mu gihugu no mu mahanga, imodoka nshya zikoresha ingufu zatangijwe na SAIC Motor yo mu gihugu, Geely Automobile, Guangzhou Automobile, BAIC Motor, Denza Motors, nibindi byose bikoresha moteri zihoraho zihuza magnet. Moteri zihoraho zihuza magnet zikoreshwa cyane cyane mu Bushinwa. Ubwa mbere, kubera ko moteri zihoraho zihuza magnet zifite umuvuduko muto kandi zikora neza cyane, zikwiriye cyane mu mikorere igoye hamwe no gutangirira kenshi no guhagarara mu mijyi. Icya kabiri, kubera magneti zihoraho za neodymium iron boron muri moteri zihoraho zihuza magneti. Ibikoresho bisaba ikoreshwa ry'umutungo udasanzwe w'ubutaka, kandi igihugu cyanjye gifite 70% by'umutungo udasanzwe w'ubutaka ku isi, kandi umusaruro wose w'ibikoresho bya magneti bya NdFeB ugera kuri 80% by'isi, bityo Ubushinwa bushishikajwe cyane no gukoresha moteri zihoraho zihuza magneti.

Tesla na BMW byo mu mahanga bikoresha moteri zihoraho zihuza ingufu za magnet na moteri zidafite ingufu za AC kugira ngo bifatanye. Ukurikije imiterere y'ikoreshwa, moteri ihoraho ihuza ingufu za magnet ni yo ihitamo rikomeye ku modoka nshya zikoresha ingufu.

Igiciro cy'ibikoresho bya rukuruzi bihoraho kigera kuri 30% by'igiciro cya moteri zihoraho zihuza rukuruzi. Ibikoresho fatizo byo gukora moteri zihoraho zihuza rukuruzi birimo cyane cyane boroni y'icyuma ya neodymium, amashuka ya silikoni, umuringa na aluminiyumu. Muri byo, ibikoresho bya rukuruzi bihoraho bikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukora rukuruzi zihoraho za rotor, naho ingano y'ikiguzi ni 30%; amashuka ya silikoni akoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukora ibiciro byihariye. Ingano y'ishingiro rya rotor ni hafi 20%; ingano y'ikiguzi cya stator winding ni hafi 15%; ingano y'ikiguzi cya moteri ni hafi 5%; naho ingano y'ikiguzi cya moteri ni hafi 15%.

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Moteri ihoraho ihuza magneti igizwe ahanini n'ibice bya stator, rotor n'ibice by'igikonoshwa. Kimwe na moteri zisanzwe za AC, core ya stator ifite imiterere ya laminated kugira ngo igabanye igihombo cy'icyuma giterwa n'ingaruka z'umuyoboro wa eddy n'ingaruka za hysteresis iyo moteri irimo gukora; windings nazo akenshi ziba ari imiterere ingana mu byiciro bitatu, ariko guhitamo parameters biratandukanye cyane. Igice cya rotor gifite imiterere itandukanye, harimo rotor ihoraho ya magneti ifite akazu k'isukari gatangira, hamwe na rotor ihoraho ya magneti ifite cyangwa ishyizwe hejuru. core ya rotor ishobora gukorwamo imiterere ikomeye cyangwa laminated. Rotor ifite ibikoresho bya magneti bihoraho, bikunze kwitwa magneti.

Mu gihe cy’imikorere isanzwe ya moteri ya rukuruzi ihoraho, imbaraga rukuruzi za rotor na stator ziba ziri mu buryo buhuza. Nta muyaga uterwa n’amashanyarazi mu gice cya rotor, kandi nta mugozi wa rotor utakaza, hysteresis, cyangwa umugozi wa eddy utakaza. Nta mpamvu yo gusuzuma ikibazo cyo gutakaza no gushyuha kwa rotor. Muri rusange, moteri ya rukuruzi ihoraho ikoreshwa na frequencing yihariye kandi ifite imikorere yoroshye yo gutangira. Byongeye kandi, moteri ya rukuruzi ihoraho ni moteri ihuza, ifite umwihariko wo guhindura ingufu binyuze mu bushyuhe bw’ingufu, bityo ingufu zishobora gushushanywa ku gaciro kagenwe.

Uhereye ku ntangiriro, bitewe nuko moteri ya rukuruzi ihoraho itangizwa n'amashanyarazi ahinduka cyangwa inverter ishyigikira, inzira yo gutangiza moteri ya rukuruzi ihoraho iroroshye cyane; isa no gutangiza moteri ya rukuruzi ihinduka, kandi yirinda inenge zo gutangira za moteri zisanzwe zitagira uruhurirane.

Muri make, imikorere myiza n'imbaraga bya moteri za rukuruzi zihoraho bishobora kugera ku rwego rwo hejuru cyane, imiterere yazo ni yoroshye cyane, kandi isoko ryabaye rishyushye cyane mu myaka icumi ishize.

Ariko, gutakaza ubushobozi bwo gukurura ni ikibazo kidasubirwaho muri moteri zihoraho za rukuruzi. Iyo umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ari munini cyane cyangwa ubushyuhe buri hejuru cyane, ubushyuhe bw'imiyoboro ya moteri buzamuka ako kanya, umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi uziyongera cyane, kandi rukuruzi zihoraho zizatakaza imbaraga zo gukurura vuba. Mu kugenzura moteri zihoraho za rukuruzi, hashyirwaho igikoresho cyo kurinda umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi urenze urugero kugira ngo hirindwe ikibazo cy'uko imiyoboro ya moteri yatwikwa, ariko gutakaza imbaraga no kuzimya ibikoresho ntibishoboka.